Uncertainty Propagation in P = V² / R

Steps:

• Use formula P = V² / R, ignoring I as it's not in the expression.
• % uncertainty in V² is twice that in V: 2 × 3% = 6%.
• % uncertainty in 1/R equals that in R: 2%.
• Total % uncertainty in P is sum for multiplication/division: 6% + 2% = 8%.

Why C is correct:

• Uncertainty propagation rule for P = V² × R⁻¹ states relative uncertainty is 2(ΔV/V) + (ΔR/R) = 8%.

Why the others are wrong:

• A: 4% matches I's uncertainty, but I is unused.
• B: 5% underestimates by ignoring V's squared contribution.
• D: 11% incorrectly includes I's 4% uncertainty.

Final answer: C