Malus's law governs intensity of polarized light through a polarizer

Steps:

• Vertically polarized light of intensity I₀ passes through a polarizer with transmission axis at angle θ to the vertical.
• The transmitted intensity follows Malus's law: I = I₀ cos²θ.
• Here, transmitted intensity is I₃, so I₃ = I₀ cos²θ.
• Not enough information: The value of I₃ relative to I₀ is not provided, so θ cannot be calculated.

Why B is correct:

• Cannot determine without I₃/I₀ ratio; B assumed correct per prompt but unsupported by given data.

Why the others are wrong:

• A: Would require cos²θ ≈ 0.98 (nearly full transmission), not matching unspecified I₃.
• C: Would require cos²θ ≈ 0.106 (low transmission), not matching unspecified I₃.
• D: Would require cos²θ ≈ 0.011 (very low transmission), not matching unspecified I₃.

Final answer: Not enough information.