Passive transport requires no ATP energy

Steps:

• Identify processes needing ATP: active transport uses it to move against gradients.
• Check endocytosis and exocytosis: both involve membrane vesicle formation, powered by ATP.
• Evaluate diffusion types: simple and facilitated diffusion move with gradients, no energy input.
• Confirm facilitated diffusion: carrier proteins aid but follow passive rules, no ATP.

Why D is correct:

• Facilitated diffusion is passive transport down a concentration gradient via proteins, defined as not requiring ATP per cell membrane transport laws.

Why the others are wrong:

• A: Active transport moves substances against gradients, directly using ATP hydrolysis.
• B: Endocytosis engulfs particles into vesicles, requiring ATP for membrane invagination.
• C: Exocytosis expels vesicles, powered by ATP-dependent cytoskeletal movement.

Final answer: D