Normal urine composition excludes glucose

Steps:

• Recall urine function: kidneys filter blood to remove waste while reabsorbing essentials.
• Identify glucose: fully reabsorbed in proximal tubule, absent in healthy urine.
• Confirm urea: nitrogenous waste from amino acid breakdown, excreted in urine.
• Note water and ions: water dilutes waste; ions (e.g., Na+, K+) maintain electrolyte balance and are present.

Why D is correct:

• Healthy urine contains urea (protein metabolism byproduct), water (primary solvent), and ions (for osmotic balance), but glucose is reabsorbed per renal physiology, preventing its excretion.

Why the others are wrong:

• A: Falsely includes glucose and excludes urea/ions, ignoring reabsorption and waste excretion.
• B: Matches D but listed separately; assumes minor notation difference—still correct, though D specified.
• C: Incorrectly includes glucose, violating normal renal glucose reabsorption.

Final answer: D