Nicotine's Cardiovascular Effects in E-Cigarettes

Steps:

• Identify that e-cigarettes deliver nicotine without tobacco smoke's tar and chemicals.
• Recall nicotine stimulates the sympathetic nervous system, causing cardiovascular changes.
• Match options to nicotine-specific effects versus smoke-specific ones.
• Select the option describing heart rate, artery narrowing, and blood pressure increases.

Why A is correct:

• Nicotine activates adrenaline release, directly increasing heart rate, constricting arteries via vasoconstriction, and elevating blood pressure, as per physiological definitions of sympathomimetic effects.

Why the others are wrong:

• B: Airway inflation and mucus increase from irritants in smoke, not nicotine alone.
• C: Oxygen limitation from carbon monoxide in smoke, absent in e-cigarettes.
• D: Airway narrowing and coughing from smoke particulates and toxins, not isolated nicotine.

Final answer: A