Recombinant Insulin Production via Genetic Engineering

Steps:

• Genetic engineering inserts the human insulin gene into bacterial DNA using plasmids.
• Bacteria take up the recombinant plasmids and replicate them during growth.
• The insulin gene expresses in the bacterial cell, producing the protein.
• Insulin is harvested from the bacterial cytoplasm after cell lysis.

Why A is correct:

• Recombinant DNA technology defines bacterial hosts like E. coli for producing human proteins in their cytoplasm, as bacteria efficiently express eukaryotic genes without needing complex organelles.

Why the others are wrong:

• B: Human liver does not produce insulin; it metabolizes it.
• C: Human nucleus stores DNA but does not produce proteins; translation occurs in cytoplasm.
• D: Human pancreas naturally produces insulin, but genetic engineering uses bacteria for scalable production, not human organs.

Final answer: A