Stability depends on center of mass height Steps:

• All objects have identical mass due to same material and volume.
• Stability increases as the center of mass lowers, reducing tipping torque.
• Calculate center of mass height for each shape using geometric centroid formulas.
• Compare heights: D has the lowest centroid for equal volume.

Why D is correct:

• D's wide, flat shape positions the center of mass closest to the base, minimizing overturning moment per Newton's laws of motion.

Why the others are wrong:

• A: Tall, narrow shape raises center of mass, increasing instability.
• B: Intermediate height elevates center of mass above D's.
• C: Bulkier but taller than D, resulting in higher center of mass.

Final answer: D