Force alters motion and deformation, but not mass

Steps:

• Recall that force causes acceleration, changing velocity (Newton's second law: F = ma).
• Note that force can deform objects, altering shape and compressing/expanding volume.
• Identify mass as invariant; no force changes an object's mass in classical physics.
• Eliminate options containing mass, leaving only those with shape, velocity, and volume.

Why D is correct:

• Newton's second law and material deformation principles show force changes velocity (via acceleration), shape (via stress/strain), and volume (via compression), without altering mass.

Why the others are wrong:

• A includes mass, which remains constant under force.
• B includes mass, which remains constant under force.
• C includes mass, which remains constant under force.

Final answer: D