HDI measures human development via three core dimensions

Steps:

• Recall HDI definition: United Nations index combining health, education, and living standards.
• Identify components: Life expectancy for health; education via schooling years; income via GNI per capita.
• Compare choices: A, B, D match components; C (savings) does not appear in formula.
• Confirm exclusion: HDI formula omits personal savings, focusing on broader income metrics.

Why C is correct:

• HDI formula uses gross national income (GNI) per capita for standard of living, not individual or national savings levels, per UN methodology.

Why the others are wrong:

• A: Education index includes mean and expected years of schooling.
• B: Income level is captured by GNI per capita in logarithmic scale.
• D: Life expectancy at birth forms the health dimension.

Final answer: C