Healthcare driving demographic changes in Botswana

Steps:

• Better healthcare increases life expectancy, making death rates lower than birth rates for population growth.
• Declining fertility from 6 to 3.2 children per woman indicates a shift toward smaller families.
• This pattern aligns with demographic transition theory, where health improvements first reduce mortality, then fertility follows.
• Falling infant mortality is a direct outcome of medical advancements, explaining the initial population surge.

Why B is correct:

• In demographic transition, stage 2 features declining death rates due to medical improvements like vaccinations and sanitation, which specifically lower infant mortality rates.

Why the others are wrong:

• A: No data links demographics to future education spending.
• C: Long-term working population depends on age structure, not guaranteed here.
• D: Income per worker relates to productivity, not directly to these rates.

Final answer: B